Language Model: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Language Model” means: A language model is an approximative description that captures patterns and regularities present in natural language and is used for making assumptions on previously unseen language fragments.
Large Language Model (LLM): According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Large Language Model (LLM)” means: A class of language models that use deep-learning algorithms and are trained on extremely large textual datasets that can be multiple terabytes in size. LLMs can be classed into two types: generative or discriminatory. Generative…
Model: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Model” means: A function that takes features as input and predicts labels as output. Typical phases of an AI model’s work flow are: Data collection and preparation, Model development, Model training, Model accuracy evaluation, Hyperparameters’ tuning, Model usage, Model maintenance, Model versioning.
Neural Network: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Neural Network” means: A computer system inspired by living brains, also known as artificial neural network, neural net, or deep neural net. It consists of two or more layers of neurons connected by weighted links with adjustable weights, which takes input data…
Scalability: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Scalability” means: The ability to increase or decrease the computational resources required to execute a varying volume of tasks, processes, or services.
Socio-Technical System: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Socio-Technical System” means: Technology is always part of society, just like society is always part of technology. This also means that one cannot understand one without the other. Technology is not only design and material appearance but also sociotechnical; that is, a…
Technical Interoperability: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Technical Interoperability” means: The ability of software or hardware systems or components to operate together successfully with minimal effort by an end user.
Value Sensitive Design (Values-by-Design or Ethics-by-Design): According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Value Sensitive Design (Values-by-Design or Ethics-by-Design)” means: A theoretically grounded approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and systematic manner throughout the design process.
Auditability of an AI System: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Auditability of an AI System” means: Auditability refers to the ability of an AI system to undergo the assessment of the system’s algorithms, data, and design processes. This does not necessarily imply that information about business models and Intellectual…
Standard: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, “Standards” are a set of institutionalized agreed-upon rules for the production of (textual or material) objects. They are released by international organizations and ensure quality and safety and set product or service specifications. Standards are the result of negotiations among various stakeholders and are institutionalized…
Accessibility: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Accessibility” means: Extent to which products, systems, services, environments, and facilities can be used by people from a population with the widest range of user needs, characteristics, and capabilities to achieve identified goals in identified contexts of use (which includes direct use or…
Accountability: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Accountability” means: Accountability relates to an allocated responsibility. The responsibility can be based on regulation or agreement or through assignment as part of delegation. In a systems context, accountability refers to systems and/or actions that can be traced uniquely to a given entity….
AI (or Algorithmic) Bias: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “AI (or Algorithmic) Bias” means: Harmful AI bias describes systematic and repeatable errors in AI systems that create unfair outcomes, such as placing privileged groups at systematic advantage and unprivileged groups at systematic disadvantage. Different types of bias can emerge…
Attack: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Attack” means: Action targeting a learning system to cause malfunction.
Chatbot (Conversational Bot): According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Chatbot (Conversational Bot)” means: A computer program designed to simulate conversation with a human user, usually over the internet; especially one used to provide information or assistance to the user as part of an automated service.
Discrimination: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Discrimination” means: Unequal treatment of a person based on belonging to a category rather than on individual merit. Discrimination can be a result of societal, institutional, and implicitly held individual biases or attitudes that get captured in processes across the AI lifecycle, including…
Evasion: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Evasion” means: In Evasion Attacks, the adversary solves a constrained optimization problem to find a small input perturbation that causes a large change in the loss function and results in output misclassification.
Fault Tolerance: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Fault Tolerance” means: The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of hardware or software faults.
Feedback Loop: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Feedback Loop” means: Feedback loop describes the process of leveraging the output of an AI system and corresponding end-user actions in order to retrain and improve models over time. The AI-generated output (predictions or recommendations) are compared against the final decision (for…
Harmful Bias: According to the first edition of the EU-U.S. terminology and taxonomy for artificial intelligence, the term “Harmful Bias” means: Harmful bias can be either conscious or unconscious. Unconscious, also known as implicit bias, involves associations outside conscious awareness that lead to a negative evaluation of a person on the basis of characteristics such as race, gender, sexual orientation,…
